2025
USD/PLN reference rates: why NBP and ECB differ on the same date
250 shared dates in 2025. A reproducible comparison of reference rates, with monthly results and explicit limitations.
Data + chart + code
Our calculations
Research: data, results and methods
Three reproducible studies of official reference rates. Explore the data, calculations and limits of each finding.
A reference rate is not an executable quote. These studies examine source differences, publication calendars and sample dependence. They do not test strategy profitability or broker costs.
2016–2025
An unpublished rate is not a data gap: the ECB calendar, 2016–2025
2560 EUR/USD publications, 49 unpublished weekdays and an independently checked TARGET calendar. Data, chart and code.
Data + chart + code
2016–2025
EUR/USD reference-rate risk: why the sample period matters
An ECB EUR/USD snapshot compares 2016–2020 and 2021–2025 changes and reference-rate drawdowns. Download the data and reproduce the calculations.
Data + chart + code
How to read these results
Start with the unit and date boundaries. Then reproduce calculations from the pinned snapshot. Distinguish a currency quote from position profit or loss, and observations from imputed values.
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